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Video 9 of 17
Time, reward and motivation
How waiting and feedback influence what feels worth doing now.
Preparing the animation…
The highlights illustrate contributing systems. The precise mechanisms in ADHD are still being investigated.
Sources and model credits
Sources checked September 2026. Studies differ in age, methods and populations; their relevance is explained in Technical Detail. Everyday examples illustrate a process rather than a measured brain response.
- ADHD and monetary delay discounting — Jackson and MacKillop (2016)
- Time perception in adult ADHD: a decade of findings (2023)
- Dopamine reward prediction-error signalling — Schultz (2016)
- NICE NG87 — individual adjustments and ADHD-focused support
Anatomical surface adapted from Brain Project, Z-Anatomy / BodyParts3D, © DBCLS and contributors. Adapted geometry: CC BY-SA 4.0. Three.js: MIT licence.
Narration: Emma (Kokoro bf_emma). The recording is included in this file and plays offline.